In causal inference, a confounder[a] is a variable that affects both the dependent variable and the independent variable, creating a spurious relationship. [1][2][3]

Jun 9, 2021 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can …

May 29, 2020 · What is a confounding variable? Confounding variables (a.k.a. confounders or confounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s …

Sep 15, 2020 · A confounder affects both the independent and dependent variables. In contrast, a mediator or effect modifier does not affect the independent variable, but does modify the effect …

干擾因素 （英語： confounder 、 confound 或 confounding variable），又稱為 干擾因子 、 干擾變量 、 混淆變量 、 共變因 等，在 统计学 和因果關係中是指會同時影響 自变量 和因变量， …

CONFOUNDER meaning: 1. something that affects the result of a scientific experiment in a way that makes it less clear…. Learn more.

Feb 1, 2008 · Often, one wants to know if a potential confounder is indeed confounding a relationship of interest. If the adjusted effect differs substantially from the crude effect, then …

The meaning of CONFOUND is to throw (a person) into confusion or perplexity. How to use confound in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Confound.

Confounding is an example of such mechanism that alters the relationship between X and Y, and therefore, leads to an over or underestimation of the true effect between them. In its simplest …

Mar 30, 2023 · Confounding refers to situations where there is a real relationship between a program or intervention and the outcome you are measuring, but it is affected by the presence …